{"id":3876,"date":"2025-07-07T16:02:21","date_gmt":"2025-07-07T08:02:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.key-iot.com\/?p=3876"},"modified":"2025-07-07T16:03:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-07T08:03:29","slug":"must-gateways-be-configured-at-the-core-a-complete-comparison-of-gateway-deployment-across-different-architectures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.key-iot.com\/fr\/blog\/must-gateways-be-configured-at-the-core-a-complete-comparison-of-gateway-deployment-across-different-architectures\/","title":{"rendered":"Les passerelles doivent-elles \u00eatre configur\u00e9es au niveau du noyau ? Comparaison compl\u00e8te du d\u00e9ploiement des passerelles dans diff\u00e9rentes architectures"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n
\"9d6964b6cf41fff1da4f77bcc7d23df0\"Si <\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
vous vous \u00eates d\u00e9j\u00e0 pos\u00e9 la question :<\/span><\/div>\n
Les commutateurs d'agr\u00e9gation peuvent-ils g\u00e9rer les interfaces VLANIF ? L'utilisation du c\u0153ur de r\u00e9seau comme passerelle va-t-elle le surcharger ? Est-il s\u00fbr de placer des passerelles au niveau de la couche d'acc\u00e8s ?<\/span><\/div>\n
Apr\u00e8s avoir lu cet article, vous serez en mesure de d\u00e9terminer o\u00f9 et comment d\u00e9ployer correctement vos passerelles.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

01 | Tout d'abord, clarifions les choses : quel est l'objectif d'une passerelle ?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
En bref : un passerelle<\/a><\/strong> sert de point de sortie d'un sous-r\u00e9seau, vous permettant d'acc\u00e9der \u00e0 d'autres segments du r\u00e9seau.<\/span><\/div>\n
Techniquement, il s'agit d'une interface VLANIF, c'est-\u00e0-dire une interface logique de niveau 3 configur\u00e9e sur un appareil pour permettre le transfert de niveau 3.<\/span><\/div>\n
L'appareil qui h\u00e9berge cette interface devient la \"passerelle\" pour ce VLAN.<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

02 | A quoi ressemblent les trois principaux mod\u00e8les de d\u00e9ploiement de passerelles ?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
Examinons comment les passerelles sont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es dans trois architectures de r\u00e9seau de campus courantes :<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

Mod\u00e8le 1 : passerelles au niveau du noyau (couche classique \u00e0 trois niveaux)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
\n

Caract\u00e9ristiques :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Toutes les interfaces VLANIF sont configur\u00e9es sur les commutateurs principaux.<\/li>\n
  • Les couches d'agr\u00e9gation et d'acc\u00e8s n'effectuent que le transfert de la couche 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    Sc\u00e9narios appropri\u00e9s :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • R\u00e9seaux de campus de taille moyenne \u00e0 grande<\/li>\n
    • Services multiples, nombreux VLAN, politiques complexes de la couche 3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
      \n

      Avantages :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Passerelles centralis\u00e9es pour une gestion unifi\u00e9e<\/li>\n
      • Les tables de routage situ\u00e9es au c\u0153ur du r\u00e9seau permettent de visualiser clairement le chemin \u00e0 suivre<\/li>\n
      • D\u00e9ploiement centralis\u00e9 de la politique de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 avec des pare-feux proches du c\u0153ur de l'entreprise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
        \n

        Inconv\u00e9nients :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Tout le trafic nord-sud et est-ouest doit traverser le centre, ce qui cr\u00e9e une forte pression.<\/li>\n
        • Le noyau devient un point de d\u00e9faillance unique et un goulot d'\u00e9tranglement potentiel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
          \n

          Mod\u00e8le 2 : passerelles au niveau de l'agr\u00e9gation (couche plate \u00e0 trois niveaux)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
          \n

          Caract\u00e9ristiques :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • Interfaces VLANIF configur\u00e9es au niveau de la couche d'agr\u00e9gation<\/li>\n
          • La couche d'agr\u00e9gation g\u00e8re le transfert L3 ; le c\u0153ur ne g\u00e8re que le r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des routes ou les connexions de sortie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
            \n

            Sc\u00e9narios appropri\u00e9s :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • R\u00e9seaux de campus de taille moyenne avec des zones de service clairement d\u00e9finies<\/li>\n
            • Zones d'agr\u00e9gation relativement ind\u00e9pendantes (par exemple, organis\u00e9es par \u00e9tage ou par zone)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
              \n

              Avantages :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              • R\u00e9duction de la charge de travail<\/li>\n
              • La couche d'agr\u00e9gation peut mettre en \u0153uvre des ACL et des politiques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 localis\u00e9es.<\/li>\n
              • Structure de r\u00e9seau plus plate, plus facile \u00e0 \u00e9tendre<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                \n

                Inconv\u00e9nients :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Chaque commutateur d'agr\u00e9gation maintient des tables de routage, ce qui augmente la complexit\u00e9 du routage.<\/li>\n
                • La communication entre les couches d'agr\u00e9gation doit traverser le c\u0153ur, ce qui cr\u00e9e des chemins d'acheminement l\u00e9g\u00e8rement indirects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n

                  Mod\u00e8le trois : Passerelles au niveau de l'acc\u00e8s (passerelles de p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie)<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n

                  Caract\u00e9ristiques :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Interfaces VLANIF plac\u00e9es sur des commutateurs d'acc\u00e8s<\/li>\n
                  • Chaque commutateur d'acc\u00e8s fonctionne comme un dispositif de couche 3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n

                    Sc\u00e9narios appropri\u00e9s :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Petits r\u00e9seaux avec d\u00e9ploiements simples<\/li>\n
                    • IoT ou sc\u00e9narios de branche o\u00f9 les appareils sont relativement fixes avec de fortes exigences d'isolation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                      \n

                      Avantages :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • R\u00e9seau extr\u00eamement simplifi\u00e9 ne n\u00e9cessitant pas de couche d'agr\u00e9gation<\/li>\n
                      • Tous les transferts sont effectu\u00e9s localement, avec une grande efficacit\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                        \n

                        Inconv\u00e9nients :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Configuration dispers\u00e9e des appareils, gestion complexe<\/li>\n
                        • Des politiques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 distribu\u00e9es difficiles \u00e0 maintenir<\/li>\n
                        • Augmentation de la charge sur les commutateurs d'acc\u00e8s, ce qui les rend plus susceptibles de tomber en panne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                          \n

                          03 | O\u00f9 faut-il configurer les passerelles ?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
                          Cela d\u00e9pend de la taille de votre r\u00e9seau et des exigences de votre entreprise :<\/span><\/div>\n
                          \n
                            \n
                          • Petits r\u00e9seaux (\u226450 appareils)<\/strong>: Couche d'acc\u00e8s routeurs industriels servant de passerelles<\/li>\n
                          • R\u00e9seaux de taille moyenne (50-500 appareils)<\/strong>: Passerelles de la couche d'agr\u00e9gation<\/li>\n
                          • Grands r\u00e9seaux (plus de 500 appareils)<\/strong>: Passerelles de la couche centrale<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                            \n

                            04 | Les \"d\u00e9ploiements hybrides\" sont-ils possibles ?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
                            Oui. De nombreux projets r\u00e9els utilisent des approches \"mixtes\" :<\/span><\/div>\n
                            \n
                              \n
                            • La plupart des interfaces VLANIF sont plac\u00e9es au c\u0153ur du r\u00e9seau pour une gestion centralis\u00e9e.<\/li>\n
                            • Certains r\u00e9seaux sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s (comme les cam\u00e9ras de surveillance, les syst\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9) plac\u00e9s dans les couches d'agr\u00e9gation ou d'acc\u00e8s pour l'isolation locale et le transfert.<\/li>\n
                            • Contr\u00f4leurs sans fil et serveurs DHCP d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re distribu\u00e9e \u00e0 l'aide de passerelles virtuelles (SVI) + relais DHCP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                              L'\u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 reste les mod\u00e8les de trafic de votre entreprise et la structure du flux du r\u00e9seau.<\/span><\/div>\n
                              \n

                              05 | Recommandations pratiques de d\u00e9ploiement<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
                              \n
                                \n
                              • Les passerelles de la couche centrale fonctionnent bien, mais n\u00e9cessitent des dispositifs fiables, un routage clair et des ressources suffisantes.<\/li>\n
                              • Lors de l'utilisation de passerelles de couche d'agr\u00e9gation, chaque commutateur d'agr\u00e9gation ne doit g\u00e9rer que ses propres VLAN, afin d'\u00e9viter les m\u00e9langes entre r\u00e9gions.<\/li>\n
                              • Les passerelles de la couche d'acc\u00e8s sont recommand\u00e9es pour les sc\u00e9narios \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle\/segments ind\u00e9pendants\/n\u0153uds de branche.<\/li>\n
                              • Si vous mettez en place une redondance des passerelles, n'oubliez pas d'utiliser VRRP ou HVRRP pour la haute disponibilit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
                                \n

                                R\u00e9flexions finales<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
                                L'emplacement de la passerelle n'est pas une d\u00e9cision arbitraire.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                Il s'agit de s'assurer que l'ensemble de l'architecture du r\u00e9seau est rationnelle, que le trafic professionnel est fluide, que les appareils peuvent supporter la charge et que la maintenance reste g\u00e9rable.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                En r\u00e9sum\u00e9 :<\/span><\/div>\n
                                Petits r\u00e9seaux : Passerelles de p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie R\u00e9seaux de taille moyenne : Passerelles d'agr\u00e9gation Grands r\u00e9seaux : Passerelles centrales<\/span><\/div>\n
                                Une bonne architecture \u00e9vite le chaos, favorise l'expansion et facilite le d\u00e9pannage.<\/span><\/div>\n
                                <\/div>\n
                                <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                If you’ve ever wondered: Can aggregation switches handle VLANIF interfaces? Will using the core as a gateway overburden it? Is it secure to place gateways at the access layer? After reading this article, you’ll be able to determine where and how to properly deploy your gateways. 01 | First, Let’s Clarify: What Is a Gateway’s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3878,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"themepark_post_bcolor":"#f5f5f5","themepark_post_width":"1022px","themepark_post_img":"","themepark_post_img_po":"left","themepark_post_img_re":false,"themepark_post_img_cover":false,"themepark_post_img_fixed":false,"themepark_post_hide_title":false,"themepark_post_main_b":"","themepark_post_main_p":100,"themepark_paddingblock":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3876","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"metadata":{"classic-editor-remember":["classic-editor"],"_edit_lock":["1751877483:1"],"_edit_last":["1"],"_thumbnail_id":["3878"],"themepark_seo_title":["Must Gateways Be Configured at the Core? 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